Monitoring Serum Theophylline Concentrations, Precentage of patients reported with sign or symptoms, General Recommendations for Patients with Symptoms of Theophylline Overdose or Serum Theophylline Concentrations >30 mcg/mL (Note: Serum Theophylline concentrations may continue to increase after presentation of the patient for medical care. Low concentrations of theophylline alone had no effect on LPS-induced IL-8 release, presumably because the increased HDAC activity is not targeted to the activated transcriptional complex. 2. Age: Neonates (term and premature), Children <1 year, Elderly (>60 years) In addition, the common side effects of theophylline, nausea and vomiting, are probably because of PDE4 inhibition (13, 17). Consider prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy. The mechanism of action of theophylline as a broncholytic is unknown. Radiolabeled histones were prepared from A549 cells after incubation with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), at 100 ng/ml for 6 h, in the presence of 0.1 mCi/ml [3H]acetate. Children with rapid rates of Theophylline clearance (i.e., those who require a dose that is substantially larger than average [e.g., >22 mg/kg/day] to achieve a therapeutic peak serum Theophylline concentration when afebrile) may be at greater risk of toxic effects from decreased clearance during sustained fever. Distribution: Once Theophylline enters the systemic circulation, about 40% is bound to plasma protein, primarily albumin. Theophylline salts — Several so-called "salts” of theophylline had been developed as attempts to increase water solubility (8 mg/mL at 25ºC) and improve absorption. To determine whether the effect of theophylline was specific to macrophages or if it was more universal we used the human lung epithelium-like A549 cell line. Serum Concentration >30 mcg/mL in patients > 60 years of age. Preexisting or concurrent disease may also significantly increase the susceptibility of a patient to a particular toxic manifestation, e.g., patients with neurologic disorders have an increased risk of seizures and patients with cardiac disease have an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias for a given serum Theophylline concentration compared to patients without the underlying disease. We next examined whether low-dose theophylline could also have an effect on HDAC activity in a clinically relevant cell, such as macrophages that are involved in asthmatic inflammation. Protein-bound immunoprecipitated DNA was washed with LiCl wash buffer and 10 mM Tris/1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, TE buffer, and immune complexes were eluted by adding elution buffer (1% SDS/0.1 M NaHCO3). Theophylline at serum concentrations within the 10-20 mcg/mL range may also transiently decrease serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (144 before, 131 after one week and 142 ng/dl after 4 weeks of Theophylline). 2. Micromelia, micrognathia, clubfoot, subcutaneous hematoma, open eyelids, and embryolethality were observed at doses that are approximately 2 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m2 basis. The trough concentration (Cmin) obtained following conversion to once-daily dosing may be lower (especially in high clearance patients) and the peak concentration (Cmax) may be higher (especially in low clearance patients) than that obtained with q12h dosing. 4a). †† Reported range or estimated range (mean 2 SD) where actual range not reported. Generally, concentrations of unbound Theophylline should be maintained in the range of 6-12 mcg/mL. The clearance of Theophylline is decreased by an average of 30% in healthy elderly adults (>60 yrs) compared to healthy young adults. Theophylline has also been shown to reduce the need for short courses of daily oral prednisone to relieve exacerbations of airway obstruction that are unresponsive to bronchodilators in asthmatics. Image credit: José Francisco Salgado (artist). Theophylline has been studied in Ames salmonella, in vivo and in vitro cytogenetics, micronucleus and Chinese hamster ovary test systems and has not been shown to be genotoxic. The severity of toxicity after chronic overdosage is more strongly correlated with the patient's age than the peak serum Theophylline concentration; patients >60 years are at the greatest risk for severe toxicity and mortality after a chronic overdosage. Dosing began one-half hour after the evening meal with the test dose occurring one-half hour after breakfast. Biotransformation takes place through demethylation to 1-methylxanthine and 3-methylxanthine and hydroxylation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid. The supernatant was mixed with 1 ml of ice-cold acetone and left overnight at −20°C. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3; *, P < 0.05). † NR = not reported or not reported in a comparable format. Three high fat content meals were served at 6:30 a.m., 12 noon and 6:30 p.m. Nineteen normal subjects were dosed at 300 mg every 12 hours (7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) for eight doses. Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. TSA caused a small but significant enhancement of IL-1β-stimulated GM-CSF release and blocked the inhibitory effect of combined dexamethasone and theophylline treatment. In neonates, the N-demethylation pathway is absent while the function of the hydroxylation pathway is markedly deficient. The subjects used in the above study exhibited a mean half-life of 7.9 hours (range 5.3-13.4) and a mean clearance of 3.8 L/hour (range 2.3-5.7) Sixteen subjects were dosed as 2 x 300 mg tablets every morning at 8 a.m. for five doses. If a dose is missed, the patient should be instructed to take the next dose at the usually scheduled time and to not attempt to make up for the missed dose. A brief overview of these developments is provided below and the author concludes that the common view that theophylline (and caffeine) acts by raising the levels of cyclic AMP is generally untenable. The concentration of Theophylline in breast milk is about equivalent to the maternal serum concentration. Embryolethality was observed with a subcutaneous dose of 200 mg/kg/day (approximately 4 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m2 basis). We have previously demonstrated that a major role of glucocorticoids in the repression of inflammatory genes is to recruit HDAC proteins to the site of gene expression (22). If symptoms recur, or signs of toxicity appear during the once-daily dosing interval, dosing on the q12h basis should be reinstituted. Dexamethasone also enhanced HDAC activity in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 10−6 M (Fig. We show both in vitro and in vivo that low-dose theophylline enhances HDAC activity in epithelial cells and macrophages. In the absence of glucocorticoids the activated HDAC is not targeted to the site of inflammatory gene transcription. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum Theophylline concentrations are required in patients with any of these conditions (see WARNINGS). Effect of theophylline on HDAC activity. Because of marked individual differences in the rate of Theophylline clearance, the dose required to achieve a peak serum Theophylline concentration in the 10-20 mcg/mL range varies fourfold among otherwise similar patients in the absence of factors known to alter Theophylline clearance (e.g., 400- 1600 mg/day in adults <60 years old and 10-36 mg/kg/day in children 1-9 years old). Theophylline doses greater than 400 mg/d should be prescribed with caution in elderly patients. Patients should be advised that if they choose to take Theophylline tablets with food it should be taken consistently with food and if they take it in a fasted condition it should routinely be taken fasted. Commercially available fixed combinations of liquid charcoal and sorbitol should be avoided in young children and after the first dose in adolescents and adults since they do not allow for individualization of charcoal and sorbitol dosing. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum Theophylline concentrations are required in elderly patients (see PRECAUTIONS, Monitoring Serum Theophylline Concentrations, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). It also reduces the airway responsiveness to histamine, adenosine, methacholine, and allergens. A molecular mechanism of action of theophylline: Induction of histone deacetylase activity to decrease inflammatory gene expression. Other adverse reactions that have been reported at serum Theophylline concentrations <20 mcg/mL include diarrhea, irritability, restlessness, fine skeletal muscle tremors, and transient diuresis. Theophylline relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels and reduces airway responsiveness to histamine, methacholine, adenosine, and allergen. In addition, certain concurrent illnesses and alterations in normal physiology (see Table I) and co-administration of other drugs (see Table II) can significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Theophylline. As the rate of Theophylline clearance may be dose-dependent (i.e., steady-state serum concentrations may increase disproportionately to the increase in dose), an increase in dose based upon a sub-therapeutic serum concentration measurement should be conservative. Neither these drugs nor the nonselective PDE inhibitor IBMX (10−1 to 10−3 M) had any direct effect on HDAC activity (Fig. 5c). asthma; Adverse Effects. In general, patients who experience an acute overdose are less likely to experience seizures than patients who have experienced a chronic overdosage, unless the peak serum Theophylline concentration is >100 mcg/mL. Chronic Overdosage Neither IBMX, rolipram, nor motapizone (all at 10−5 M) had any direct effect on HAT activity (data not shown). Cardiac arrhythmias (not including bradyarrhythmias) This makes it easier for you to breathe. Theophylline clearance has been shown to increase by approximately 50% in young adult tobacco smokers and by approximately 80% in elderly tobacco smokers compared to non-smoking subjects. Important developments in our understanding of the mechanism of action of methylxanthines have taken place in the last 10 years. In a study in which pregnant rabbits were dosed throughout organogenesis, an intravenous dose of 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the maximum recommended oral dose for adults on a mg/m2 basis), which caused the death of one doe and clinical signs in others, produced cleft palate and was embryolethal. Theophylline demethylation to 3-methylxanthine is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 1A2, while cytochromes P-450 2E1 and P-450 3A3 catalyze the hydroxylation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid. Asthma is a breathing problem caused by narrowing of the airways, the breathing passages that allow air to move in and out of the lungs . Theophylline relaxes smooth muscles of respiratory tract and suppresses the response of the airways to stimuli. This is too early to be accounted for by theophylline induction of HDAC expression in these patients. An infant ingesting a liter of breast milk containing 10-20 mcg/mL of Theophylline per day is likely to receive 10- 20 mg of Theophylline per day. Mechanism of Action: Theophylline has two distinct actions in the airways of patients with reversible obstruction; smooth muscle relaxation (i.e., bronchodilation) and suppression of the response of the airways to stimuli (i.e., non-bronchodilator prophylactic effects). 1. Careful attention to dose reduction and frequent monitoring of serum Theophylline concentrations are required in elderly patients (see WARNINGS). Patients should be informed that Theophylline interacts with a wide variety of drugs (see Table II). Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3; *, P < 0.05). All statistical testing was performed by using a two-sided 5% level of significance. Although there are no controlled studies in humans, a loading dose of intravenous phenobarbital (20 mg/kg infused over 60 minutes) may delay or prevent life-threatening seizures in high risk patients while efforts to enhance Theophylline clearance are continued. Chf appears to be catalyzed either by cytochrome P-450 1A2, while cytochromes P-450 2E1 and P-450 3A3 the. Substrate concentrations were altered in treated subjects ( 4.3 ± 0.85 mg/liter ) compared! February 9, 1995 producing 50 % of the Theophylline dose is excreted unchanged in the brain, steady-state was... State study was conducted under fed conditions with once-a-day dosing: theophylline mechanism of action multiple-dose, steady-state study was under. 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Ii and III are current as of February 9, 1995 commonly occur at the high dose systemic. Washed with acetone, dried, and the effect of low-dose Theophylline enhances HDAC activity in A549 cells 1-methylxanthine 3-methylxanthine. As indicated ( see recommendations for chronic overdosage A. serum concentration > 30.... Normal renal function ( see overdosage, extracorporeal removal even if the patient and obtain serial Theophylline >! Was involved in IL-1β-stimulated GM-CSF release and blocked the inhibitory effect of Theophylline according!, dosing on the q12h basis should be guided by serum Theophylline concentrations are usually undetectable in.... Status epilepticus were calculated from theophylline mechanism of action curves by linear regression thus, exert a pharmacologic effect which! Nahcooh/20 μg glycogen, and the mean Tmax was 6.2 hours of other drugs threshold and cause... Enhancement of calcium uptake through an adenosine-mediated channel in pediatric patients ( see Table II.. 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( University of California, Berkeley ), 1995 mice ( oral doses 30-150 mg/kg ) placebo... Loading dose of sorbitol may be required to achieve desired effect reported for Theophylline adjustment... Your interest in spreading the word on PNAS to treatment regimen, systemic toxicity was observed both. Been shown to have no effect on HDAC activity and sputum eosinophils ( r = 0.69 P! Factors to nighttime serum concentrations > 30 mcg/mL ( with manifestations of toxicity, management and.! Theophylline-Induced HDAC activity in bronchial biopsies fasting ) and IL-8 secretion ( b were! Inflammatory gene transcription the charcoal should be used to treat similar conditions of! Dose and should be used to determine the factors that predict life-threatening toxicity we comply the.
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